Tsar who massacred Jews in Russia: Who is Alexander III?

In 1887, an assassination took place against Alexander III. Among the students who were executed for their involvement in the assassination was Lenin's older brother, Alexander Ulyanov.

(1845 – 1894) Russian tsar. During his reign, the absolute power of the tsar was consolidated, and liberal and revolutionary opposition was suppressed. He was born on March 10, 1845, in Petrograd, and died on November 1, 1894, in Livadia. He is the son of Tsar Alexander II. He became a private student of the jurist Pobedonostsev, who had nationalist and absolutist views. In his youth, as heir to the throne, he took some positions in the state administration. In 1877 - 1878, he commanded the war with the Ottomans. Throughout his term, he followed the views of Pobedonostsev in his political decisions; He was influenced by Katkov, a conservative and chauvinist journalist. When Alexander III came to the throne in 1881, he declared the absolute power of the tsar by an order that he published, putting an end to the constitutional reforms adopted during his father's time. The law provided the district administrators with broad executive power and extraordinary powers. Although introduced as a three-year temporary measure, the law was renewed and remained in effect until the 1917 Revolution.

Alexander III (10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms."

The laws on local government enacted in 1889, 1890, and 1892 increase the control over the provincial assemblies and destroy their autonomy; it strengthened the right of the nobility to speak in these assemblies.

In 1889, the peasant-only county councils were placed under the control of a noble appointed by the Ministry of the Interior. This nobleman had the power to remove elected peasant members, arrest them, and veto the decisions of the district and village councils.

In 1890 the electorate of the provincial council was divided into three: the nobility, the non-peasant electorate, and the peasantry. The seat rate of the nobility was determined as 57.1%. Jews were not given the right to vote. In 1892, the right to vote in local elections was restricted to property owners.

Alexander III supported the domestic industry with protective customs in the economy. The exploitation of coal and iron deposits in Southern Russia and the rapid development of railways also fed this industry. In addition, significant debt was owed to foreign states, especially France. The growth of the industry was also developing the working class; however, the first factory laws enacted between 1882 and 1886 were not enough to alleviate the misery of the workers. On the other hand, the peasants in the countryside were in bad shape. 1891 - Thousands died in the great famine of 1892. III. Alexander formed a triple alliance with the German and Austrian emperors in 1881. Later, not wanting to continue the alliance, Alexander signed a treaty with Germany alone in 1887. In 1891, he made a treaty with France instead of Germany. Meanwhile, he was interested in the national currents in the Balkans and tried to take on the protectorate of Bulgaria.

In 1884, the Russians reached the border with Afghanistan in Central Asia. The engagement between Russian and Afghan troops in 1885 nearly led to an Anglo-Russian war; Eventually, an agreement was reached with the British on the Russian-Afghan border. During the reign of Alexander III, along with the liberal opposition, the revolutionary movement, still dominated by the populist ideology, was hit hard. In 1887, an assassination took place against Alexander III. Among the students who were executed for their involvement in the assassination was Lenin's older brother, Alexander Ulyanov.

Alexander III, a bigoted Orthodox, was very harsh towards Catholics, Protestants, and especially Jews. There were massacres of Jews in places, minorities were put under pressure, and the Russification of the border regions was accelerated.

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